i) It assist managers and supervisors to free themselves from the most significant task.
ii) With delegation of authority,workload can be spread over the available work force.This encourages efficiency and bottlenecks are avoided.
iii) it is the basis on which concept of organization is laid.
iv) The abilities of subordinates are more developed by taking part in the management of the organization.
v) Subordinates are trained for higher level once their superiors delegate authority to them.This will enable the subordinates to replace their superiors when the need arises.

For delegation to work successfully it must operate within the following limits :

• The nature of the work can be a limiting factor:For instance,if the nature of work is confidential,this kind of work can not be delegated.If the supervisor has not been given the permission to delegate to his subordinates, this can be a barrier.
• Ability of the person delegating:The ability of a superior or manager to delegate can also be a limiting factor.If a manager is not having the ability, this will affect the delegation.
• Ability of the subordinate:These abilities are determined by physical and or mental capacity to do the work,time available and the degree of training undertaken.
• Opportunity for inspection:Managers who delegate to subordinates must protect themselves by inspection.This is done to ensure that the work delegated is done in accordance with

instructions.

• Proper information:For a delegation to be effective,there is a need for proper and adequate information to the subordinates.
• Size and form of organization:The size and type of business organization can also be a limiting factor on the extent to which delegation can be applied.

i) As the business expanded,this will call for more and more delegation.
ii) The training need of workers also calls for a business to stand well,it needs to train the subordinates,this will warrant delegation.
iii) Availability of personnel to whom responsibility can be safety delegated is another circumstance which warrant delegation.
iv) Delegation can also be enforced where the managers retain too many responsibilities and thereby creating administrative bottle necks.

Delegation can be defined as the transfer of responsibility to others,for the performance of a specific task or for making decisions.In other words,it is the process by which a manager gives a subordinate the authority to be effective,person to whom it is delegated is given full authority to perform the responsibility.Subordinates are not expected to transfer such responbility to one else since it does not belong to them.

• Physical movement of goods from manufacturers to consumers. Marketing intermediaries are responsible for transportation cost: The wholesaler/distributor transport finished products from the manufacturer to their warehouse,while the retailer transports it to their shops.
• Provision of storage facilities: Marketing intermediaries provide warehouse where manufactured goods purchased are started.

• The Wholesalers buy in bulk from the manufacturer thereby reducing the stock level and the cost of stock of the producers.
• They assist the manufacturer in sales promotion and advertising activities.
• The wholesaler give credit facilities to retailer. They allow retailers to buy,make part payment and balance up at a fixed date.
• The wholesalers also give quality discounts to retailers.
• Wholesalers finance the manufacturer. In some cases wholesalers are made to pay for goods in advance of supply.Under this situation wholesalers are financing the manufacturers.
• Information are passed from the consumer through the retailer and wholesaler to the manufacturer.

Sales channel is the channel through which manufactured goods get to the consumers who scattered all over the world.
A marketing channel consist of the actual number of market intermediaries that a goods get to the ultimate consumers.
Those who perform the functions of marketing,sales, distribution channel are called "Marketing intermediaries", they are :Manufacturer,Wholesaler/distributor,Retailer and Consumer.

• In selling,the needs and wants of consumers are not studied before production,in marketing,needs and wants of consumers are studied before production.
• Satisfaction of consumers are not considered in selling,whereas satisfaction of consumers are considered in marketing.
• No research work is done in selling before production,whereas in marketing,comprehensive marketing research is done to determine products to produce.
• Volume of sales is considered in selling,whereas emphasis is placed on profit in marketing.
• Both medium and short-term objectives of the firm are considered in marketing while only short-term objective is emphasised in selling.
• In selling,producers produce products that they believe have good quality and send them to the market for sale,while in marketing producers produce goods that consumers need,want and that satisfy them.

Selling is defined as the art of persuading another person to do something when you do not have or do not care to everybody the direct power to force the person to do it. It is also the personal or impersonal process of assisting and or persuading a prospective customer to buy a commodity or a service or to act favourably upon an idea that has commercial significance to the seller. Selling is persuasion.

Market means different things to different people. Some define it as a fixed geographical location where goods and services are bought and sold. It is also defined as the aggregate demand for a given product while others believe that it exists in a widely dispersed offices connected for transaction by phones, telegraphs, letters and others.

• Marketing has the sole responbility to generate fund for the firm through its moral process operation,delivery of goods and services that will satisfy the needs and wants of the customers.
• It makes management to spot new product opportunities more quickly, which will enhance displaying market concepts variables to achieve the corporate goals.
• It makes them adapt and adjust to the needs of the clearly defined buyer.
• It makes management to bring its own interest into greater harmony with the society interest.
• Many people are now taking marketing as a profession due to increase in market competition.

This can be viewed as collection of people and activities separated by functions that share a common mission. Among the functions in an organization are marketing,production,finance and personnel.Business organizations are in different forms and sizes. It is important to know the nature of each unit so that you,as a potential businessman and as a customer of business products and services can determine which unit best suits your needs.

It is the management process responsible for identifying,anticipating and satisfying consumer requirements at a profit. Marketing activities start from the study of consumers needs to determine what to produce, where to produce, when to produce and the channel to use to pass the finished products to the final consumers.

• Managers get things done through others.
• They are always under great pressure of work.
• They jump from one activity to the other,responding to the needs of the moment.
• They spend about two-third of their time with people talking,listening and attending meetings.
• They are always trying to meet new deadlines and new quotas.

1). Top level Managers - This level is concerned with all the policies and strategies to use in achieving the stated objectives.These are:General Manager, Chief executives etc.
2). Middle level Managers - This level takes the set objectives and translate them into specific projects for the subordinates. These are:Sales, Production and Personnel managers.
3). Lower level Managers - These are directly involved in making the employees to function as they spend most of their time directing and controlling the employees. They are:Foremen and supervisors.

A Manager is referred to as a person who make sure that in an organization the workers perform their task as requested. In all organizations, managers work with and through the subordinates.

• Planning :It is the process of setting and selecting the best courses of action from among the alternatives.
• Staffing :This deals with recruiting qualified personnel to manage the organization.
• Organizing :The management tries to organize the organization resources so that the stated objectives can be accomplished.
• Directing :The management must provide a good direction for the subordinates by giving them supervisors who are to supervisors and guide them on how to perform their assigned work.
• Co-ordinating :These resources (material,men, money,and machines) have to be Co-ordinating.
• Controlling :This will be used to measure the level of achievement if there is any deviation,necessary steps should be taken to correct the decision.

• Planning
• Organizing
• Directing/Leading
• Staffing
• Co-ordinating
• Controlling

• Satisfying the needs or wants of the public.
• Creation of job opportunities.
• It provide sources of revenue for the government.
• It create market outlets for the suppliers of raw materials.
• It is also important to the workers by providing them with the personal satisfaction of their needs and comfort in the establishment.
• It contributes towards the economic growth and development of the country and the standard of living of people.

It is the process of getting things done through other people or it is the process that involves planning, organizing, coordinating, motivating and controlling resources before the stated objective can be achieved.