A Nigerian man has allegedly killed his own wife by beating her to death in Akure, Ondo state.

The man identified as Olabode Oluwasanmi beat up his 8-month pregnant wife who is also a nurse, Anya Adaeze, aka Mummy David, to death sometime last week.

It was gathered that the tragic incident took place following a misunderstanding between Adaeze and her husband which escalated and he allegedly beat her up with an iron rod. The beating was so serious that she was rushed to Federal Medical Centre, in Owo, and upon examination, it was discovered that her uterus had been ruptured.

An emergency Caesarean section was reportedly carried out on her rescue her unborn baby but the baby didn’t survive and Adaeze who was placed on oxygen died on Tuesday, April 14th, 2020.

Adaeze is said to be the breadwinner of the house and had allegedly revealed to her colleagues at Federal Medical Centre, Owo, about the abusive nature of Olabode before her death.

A hard time awaits criminals who have been terrorising residents of Lagos and Ogun States following the COVID-19 lockdown.

The Army, Navy, Airforce and Directorate of State Services (DSS) operatives will join the Police on the offensive against the miscreants.

Inspector-General of Police Mohammed Adamu on Monday announced the deployment of special forces in the two states.

He vowed on Tuesday to go tougher on the criminals.

Parts of Lagos and Ogun states have witnessed increased robbery attacks in the past one week. Gangs attacking residents and looting shops.

Many residents have formed emergency vigilance groups, having been forced to keep vigil. They set up bonfires in streets in a bid to ward off the criminals as tension heightened.

The vigilance groups have also been unleashing terror on innocent citizens in the name of protesting them.

Policemen have withdrawn from Lagos mainland streets without explanation.

Lagos State Governor Babajide Sanwo-Olu announced after a security meeting on Tuesday a revised strategy that “will see an increase in mobile police deployment in all trouble spots in the metropolis; as well as the police intensifying their patrols around residential areas, boundary communities, and other critical areas of activities during this lockdown period.

“This will also be carried out in conjunction with other security agencies – Army, Navy, Airforce and Directorate of State Security Service.

“One of our key responsibilities as an administration is the safety and security of the lives and property of all citizens, and we will not abandon this responsibility at any time.

“There is no room whatsoever in Lagos State for criminal gangs or miscreants of any kind.”

The governor said the miscreants were not hungry.

He said they are “opportunistic criminals and will be treated as such by the law enforcement agencies”.

The governor added: “We have been in close and constant communication with the Federal Government on this issue, and the I.G of Police has deployed a deputy inspector general of Police, who is a seasoned crime fighter, to Lagos as our intervention squad coordinator to help devise and superintend over a superior strategy to curtail and stem the perceived and actual threat of violence.

About 100 suspects were arrested within 72 hours, he added.

President Muhammadu Buhari, during his broadcast on Monday directed security agencies to “maintain utmost vigilance and firmness.”

Speaking during a briefing by the Presidential Taskforce on COVID-19 in Abuja, the IG said: “I hereby sound a note of warning to criminals going from place to place to desist from doing such.”

Adamu said he had ordered the Commissioners of Police in Abuja, Lagos and Ogun states not to allow criminals to perpetrate their heinous crime against innocent residents during the lockdown.

He called on the citizenry to report any crime to the Police Public Relations Officer (PPRO) in such states.

Acknowledging that the phone numbers of PPROs were not readily available, he promised to make them public immediately.

Residents complained about a lack of security patrols in residential areas, but the IG said he had deployed personnel to banks, residential areas and other public places.

“We have deployed an intervention force to Lagos and Ogun states led by a Deputy Inspector General of Police (DIG) in charge of the area,” the police boss insisted.

Adamu warned his officers and men against taking bribes to allow those not on essential duties to move about.

But residents want words to be matched with action. They expressed fears that the lockdown extension could increase criminality.

The residents said robbery activities increased in their Lagos and Ogun neighbourhoods, forcing them to keep vigil.

A welder, Mr Tony Philip, told the News Agency of Nigeria (NAN) that the idea of lockdown was laudable but insecurity and hunger were making it tough to deal with.

Another Lagos resident, Mr Brown Asuqwo, said crime increased in his area since the lockdown.

“We cannot sleep with our eyes closed; residents now keep watch at night because everybody is scared of being robbed,” Asuqwo said.

He urged security operatives to increase night patrols to residential areas and estates.

Also on Tuesday, the Federal Capital Territory (FCT) Police Command warned those providing palliatives to ensure they have police protection.

FCT PPRO Anjuguri Manzah said in a statement: “This advice is to ensure adequate security protection for those involved in rendering such selfless services and to forestall any act that could likely lead to the breakdown of law and order.

“The Command wants to also warn that social distance must be observed at all food distribution points.”

National Leader of All Progressives Congress (APC), Sen. Bola Tinubu, has urged Federal Government to make cash payments to households through Bank Verification Numbers (BVN) to cushion the effects of COVID-19 pandemic on Nigerians.

Tinubu, a former governor of Lagos State, gave the advice in a statement issued in Lagos on Wednesday.

He said payments could be made quickly by using the BVN of prospective recipients to make direct deposits into individual bank accounts.

The APC leader said the use of BVN would also be safer and not lead to the types of violence and crime that might follow physical cash transfers.

Tinubu said this would even encourage those without bank accounts to establish such accounts and this process would further bring millions of people into formal banking.

“The money-less family still needs food, water, shelter and, to a lesser degree, utilities. In a compassionate society, they should not be made to do without.

“Most families need relief. If relief is not forthcoming, these families risk hunger and its attendant suffering and woes,” Tinubu said.

He said the palliative measures would blunt hunger, maintain aggregate demand in the domestic economy and help sustain private-sector markets to the extent possible.

Tinubu explained that such payments could be done in either one or in a combination of three ways.

He said: “First, we can designate a stipend for every household. The amount should be enough to pay for the monthly needs of an “average” household for food and other basics.

“While this may somewhat penalise larger families, perfection cannot be had at this time.

“Second, the stipends could be given as a form of emergency unemployment insurance to those who can prove they were relieved of employment due to the crisis.

“This will be more targeted at the actual victims of the crisis but harder to administer. This stipend will also have to be extended to owners of small and medium-sized businesses.

“Third, the government can render some form of payroll support to companies and businesses that seek to retain workers albeit they may not be fully employed.

“The stipend can help companies stay in operation while maintaining workers on their payroll. By maintaining workers, the company can more swiftly return to full operation when normalcy returns.”

Tinubu said payment of these stipends would require hiring additional government workers to augment the existing bureaucracies to implement that programme.

According to him, this administrative requirement will help boost employment and aggregate consumer demand.

He said that activating Trader-moni and other programmes would help many small-scale traders but not the average wage earner who just lost his job.

On agriculture, the APC national leader called for the re-establishment of commodity boards for strategically important crops to maintain adequate supply of food and ensure price stability.

He said that these boards would specify a guaranteed minimum-maximum price range for these crops in order to maintain and stabilize farm incomes as well as consumer prices.

According to Tinubu, the country faces a “trade-off between certain pandemic and possible widespread depravation.

“This situation presents a historic chance to establish more beneficial social contract between government and the governed,” he said.

He also urged government to expand the school feeding programme to many states consistent with applicable public health measures.

“By expanding this programme, we help feed our most vulnerable children while creating extra jobs and bolstering food production and farm incomes,” he said.

On debt relief, Tinubu called on African finance ministers to join a coordinated effort for debt forgiveness, while urging the World Bank and other DFIs to agree to a wholesale debt rollover by reducing the interest rate burden of African nations by at least one half.

He also urged the CBN to lower interest rates to single digits to spur some private sector and lower the charge on government deficit spending. (NAN)

Lagos State Governor, Babajide Sanwo-Olu on Wednesday said 16 more Coronavirus patients have been discharged from State’s isolation centre after they tested negative twice for the virus.

He said those discharged included 14 male and two female, including three foreigners.

The foreigners include one Briton, one Chinese and one Polish.

“I have more great news from our isolation facilities. 16 persons; 14 males and 2 females including 3 foreigners – 1 British, 1 Chinese and 1 Polish citizen have been discharged to join the society,” Sanwo-Olu tweeted.

Good people of Lagos,

I have more great news from our isolation facilities. 16 persons; 14 males and 2 females including 3 foreigners - 1 British, 1 Chinese and 1 Polish citizen have been discharged to join the society.

— Babajide Sanwo-Olu (@jidesanwoolu) April 15, 2020

The patients; 14 from IDH, Yaba and 2 from Onikan Isolation centre have fully recovered and tested negative twice consecutively to #COVID19.

This brings the number of patients successfully managed and discharged from our facilities to 85.

— Babajide Sanwo-Olu (@jidesanwoolu) April 15, 2020

As our front line health workers record successes in the battle against #COVID19, we are duty bound as citizens to break the chain of transmission of the infection by staying safe at home, practicing social distancing and adopting the highest possible personal hygiene.

— Babajide Sanwo-Olu (@jidesanwoolu) April 15, 2020

We will continue to do our best as Government to cushion the effect of this lockdown by re-energizing our welfare package. Please keep faith with us as we work to win this battle together.

Thank you for your continued perseverance and patience.

— Babajide Sanwo-Olu (@jidesanwoolu) April 15, 2020

“The patients; 14 from IDH, Yaba and 2 from Onikan Isolation centre have fully recovered and tested negative twice consecutively to #COVID19.

“This brings the number of patients successfully managed and discharged from our facilities to 85.

“As our front line health workers record successes in the battle against #COVID19, we are duty bound as citizens to break the chain of transmission of the infection by staying safe at home, practicing social distancing and adopting the highest possible personal hygiene,” the governor said.

According to him, “We will continue to do our best as Government to cushion the effect of this lockdown by re-energizing our welfare package. Please keep faith with us as we work to win this battle together. Thank you for your continued perseverance and patience.”

Lagos has 214 confirmed cases of Coronavirus, more than half of the confirmed figures in the entire nation put at 373 as at Tuesday.

Nigeria has made payment of over N200 billion to the power sector towards improving electricity supply.

Mr. Mele Kyari, the Group Managing Director of Nigerian National Petroleum Cooperation (NNPC) disclosed on Wednesday after a closed-door meeting.

The meeting was held between the NNPC team, Minister of Power, Mr Saleh Mamman and Managing Director of Transmission Company of Nigeria (TCN) Mr Usman Mohammed

“Actually the federal government has made payment of over N200 billion for power in the last 23 days and this will go a long way to ensure that issues around power supply are addressed”, Kyari told newsmen.

“We will work as a team to ensure that all issues are settled, ‘’he said.

Kyari said that the team was in the Ministry of Power to inform the minister that in the last one or two months and particularly during the COVID-19 period, NNPC has increased gas supply to the power sector.

According to him, there will be a significant improvement in power generation in all federal government and associated power facilities.

“This also means that Nigerians will get better access to power during this lockdown period and going forward.

“There are issues around the power supply process and we have discussed most of them and we are moving as a team to make sure that we resolve issues around payment and evacuation.

The popular Dugbe Market in Ibadan, Oyo State has been razed by fire.

Several shops in the market have been burnt by the raging inferno.

Thick smokes were seen emanating from a building in the market and then accompanied by balls of fire ascending the atmosphere.

The fire in the market is happening in the midst of Coronavirus lockdown in Oyo State.

It was gathered that the fire began around 1:20pm.

Men of the fire service from the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) and the state fire service were seen at the scene of the fire battling frantically to put out the fire.

The Corporate Affairs Commission, CAC, headquarters in Maitama, Abuja has been gutted by fire.

Firefighters were seen battling the inferno.

The fire engulfed the last floor of the seven-storey building, destroying valuables and other items.

This is coming barely a week after the office of the Accountant General of the Federation went up in flames.

The Registrar-General of the CAC, Alhaji Garba Abubakar, confirmed the incident stating that there was no loss of document or lives.

CLASS: SS 2

SUBJECT: BIOLOGY                          PERIODS 2:

DURATION:                                       45 MINUTES

TOPIC:                      JOINTS

SUBTOPIC 1:             JOINTS

SUBTOPIC 2:             FUNCTION OF THE SKELETON

SUBTOPIC 3:             SUPPORTING TISSUES IN PLANTS

PREVIOUS KNOWLEDGE: STUDENTS AND FAMILIAR WITH THE

TOPIC

 

OBJECTIVES:    At The End Of The Period(s), students should be able to:

 

Period 1:   

1. State the type of joint movable and immovable with examples of each type.
2. Describe the mechanism of joint movement

 

Period 2:   

1. List the functions of skeleton and supporting tissue in animals and plants.
2. Describe how these functions are performed.

 

Period 3:

1. State the different supporting tissues in plants
2. Describe the arrangement of the supporting tissues present in plants.

References

Essential biology for senior secondary schools 1-3 by Mc Micahel Pg 91-100

Modern Biology for senior secondary schools 1-3 page 269 – 283

 

CONTENT

A joint is a region where two or more bones meet or articulate. The joints and muscles aid body movement. Joints are held together by ligaments (made of stiff, partially elastic fibres) which join bones to bones. There are two main types of joints namely.

1. Immovable or fixed joints – the joints are firmly fixed by ligaments such that movement of these bones are impossible. Examples include the skull and pelvic girdle. The immovable joints of the skull are called sutures
2. Movable joints – are joints where two or more bones meet in such a way that the bones move over each other making movement possible. There are 4 main types of movable joints namely:
3. Ball and socket joint: this type of joint allows movement in all dimensions (360⁰) it can be found in the shoulder joint (the humerus head fits who the gleniods cavity of the scapula) and the hip joint (the femur head fits into the acetabulum of the pelvic girdle)

1. Ball and socket joints

 

1. Pivot joint allows nodding or rotation of one part of the body on another. It is found between the atlas and axis vertebrae. The odontoid process of the axis acts as a pivot which allows the rotation of the head on the vertebral column.

iii.      Hinge joint allows movement in one direction only (180⁰) Examples can be found in the elbow (between the humerus and ulna/radius) and knee joints (femur and tibia/fibula)

1. Gliding or sliding joints – allow the sliding of bones over one another e.g. joints at the wrist and ankle which allow movement of the hand and foot up and down or rotated slightly.

 

The main parts of a joint include

1. Ligaments are tough, partly elastic bands of tissue which hold two or more bones together at a joint.
2. Tendons – are extension of connective tissue which surround the muscles. Tendons are non elastic, tough, whitish fibrous materials and connect muscles to bones.
3. Arboular cartilage are found at the surface of bones at joints where they protect the bones from wear and tear during movement by cushioning the bones.
4. Synovial membrane: This secretes the synovial fluid which lubricates the joints thus reducing shock and friction between the bones. Capsule  is the space which contains the synovial fluid.

 

MECHANISM OF JOINT MOVEMENT

 

Muscles are bundles of long, thin cells enclosed in sheats of connective tissue. Muscles are attached to bones at two points, the origin where the muscles attach to an immovable bone(e.g. shoulder blade) and the insertion  where the muscles attach to a movable bone, e.g. the radius) Muscles attach to bones by means of tendons. Muscles can only contact and relax but cant lengthen or expand. When muscles contract, it becomes shorter and thicker, thus exerting a expanding force ont eh bone in which it is attached. When muscles relax, it lengthens and becomes thinner. Most muscles act in pairs (antagonistic pairs) so that when one member is contracting, another is relaxing. One member is called the extensor and it extends or straightens a limb by its contraction, the other member is called the flexible  it bends or flexes the limb.

 

The muscles of the upper arm on the humerus are called triceps and biceps. The bicep muscles are attached to the scapular by means of 2 tendons and are found at the front of the humerus. The tricep muscles are found at the back of the humerus and both act or antagonistic manner on impulse received from the central nervous system. Tehbiceps (flexor) contracts by becoming shorter and thicker and at the same time,t the triceps (extensor) relax which bring about the pull of the radius and bendign of the arm. The triceps contract, bicepts relax, which brings about a pull on the ulna and straightening of the arm. Muscular energy for this muscular movement comes from the oxidation of glycogen stored in the muscles (tissue respiration)

 

FUNCTION OF THE SKELETON IN MAN.

1. Support – body shape is maintained and the rigid framework of the skeleton gives support to the body.
2. Protection: Serves as protection to the delicate body organs e.g. the skull which protects the brain, the vertebral column which protects the spinal cord, the rib cage, which protects the heart, lungs and blood vessels etc.
3. Blood cell manufacture: The white and red blood cells are produced in the marrow of long bones.
4. Mineral salts storage – the skeleton helps to store mineral salts like calcium and phosphorus
5. Muscles attachment – the skeleton provides places for muscles attachment.
6. Movement
7. Respiration: The skeleton (Thoracic bone of the rib cage) with the muscle attached to them assist in respiration.

 

SUPPORTING TISSUES IN PLANTS.

Supporting tissues in plants give plants shape, strength, rigidity and resistance against external forces (wind and water). The major supporting tissues in plants namely:

1. Collechyma tissues: the Collenchyma cells are living, elongated and unevenly thickened (deposition of extra cellulose) at the corners. The cells are flexible thus allowing bending and twisting strains to which the stem, roots and leaves are subjected to. Collenchymas cells are found in the cortex of stems, roots and in the hypodermis just beneath the epidermis. It provides strength and support (mechanical strength) to young growing plant parts (stems, petioles, leaf blades) below the epidermis in stems and the midrib of leaves and give flexibility and resilience to plants (which enable plants to bend without breaking).

Collenchyma

2. Sclerenchyma tissues: Sclerenchyma cells have thickened walls containing lignin, (mec strength) cellulose and other substances and they are found mainly in the pericycle in vascular tissues and cortices of roots and stems. There are

 

There are two types of sclerenchyma, fibres (elongated cells with tapering ends) and slereids(not too elongated). They provide flexibility (fibres) to plants and prevent them from breaking up easily and provide strength, rigidity, hardness and support to plants.

Sclerenchyma                                           

parenchyma

 

3. Parenchyma tissues – are composed of cells with large vacuoles and relatively thin wall. They are living cells with cellulose and many air spaces. It is the most common and abundant plant tissue and can be found in the cortex of stem, phloem, root, leaf, mesophyll, storage tissue and xylem. It can store food and water, function in food synthesis in the leaf mesophyll and give firmness and turgidity to herbaceous plants when the vacuoles are filled with sap.

 

4. Wood and xylem tissues- are found mainly in vascular tissues of stems, roots and leaves. The xylem tissue is made up of many cells namely:
5. Tracheids – Non living elongaged tapering cells with thickened, lignified walls which have pits that aid water and dissolved mineral salts passage.
6. Fibres – are narrow, elongated cells with very thick walls and tapering end walls. It is similar to sclerenchyma.

iii.      Vessels – are long tabular structures formed by fusion of several elongated cells stacked one on top of another.

1. Xylem parenchyma – are cells with large vacuoles like parenchyma tissues.

Xylem tissues provide strength, support and shape to the plant and conduct water and dissolved mineral salts from the roots to the leaves.

 

5. Phloem tissues – are located within the vascular bundles in the roots, stems and leaves. The phloem tissues are made up of four cells namely:
6. Companion cells – are small and short cells which are vertically elongated. Companion cells assist in conduction of food.
7. Sieve tubes – are elongated rows of cylindrical cells that are arranged vertically. They are living cells and they conduct mainly food.

iii.      Phloem fibres – special cells which strengthen the organs in which they are found.

1. Phloem parenchyma – similar to parenchyma cells. Provide strength support and also help in food storage.

 

Phloem tissues conduct manufactured food from the area of production to areas where needed and also assist in provision of support to the plant.

FUNCTIONS OF SUPPORTING TISSUES IN PLANTS

1. Collenchyma, sclerenchyma and wood fibres provide required materials to strengthen the plants against external force.
2. Protection – Cambium (Constantly dividing cells found between phloem and xylem) and phloem vessels protect the delicate parts.
3. Conduction: Xylem and phloem conduct water and food respectively
4. resilience and flexibility
5. strengthening – sclerenchyma and collenchymas provide strength
6. District shape

 

INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS

Teaching methods procedures

Step 1: Teacher introduce the new topic after revising the previous topic to the students

Step II: Teacher defines joint, states the type sand explains the major parts of a joint

Step III: teacher explains the mechanisms involved in joint movement and explains the functions of skeleton in man.

Step IV: Teacher explains the types, structures and functions of supporting tissues in plants.

Step V: Teacher allows students to ask questions and writes notes under content on the board.

CLASSROOM (ACTIVITIES)

PERIOD 1: Students explain what they understand as joint in man and state the types citing location of each type of joint

Period 2: Students discuss how joint bring about movement and the functions of skeleton

Period 3: Students discuss the types, structures and functions of supporting  tissues in plants.

Evaluation

Period 1:

1. What is a skeleton?
2. Describe three skeletal materials found in anmals

Period 2:

1. What are the types of joints?
2. Give at least an example of each type of joint

 

Period 3:    State the differences between ligaments and tendon

SUMMARY/CONCLUSION: Teacher summarizes the topic, makes the students notes and makes corrections where necessary.

ASSIGNMENTS

PERIOD 1: WHAT IS A JOINT?

2. Describe the structure of a joint

Period 2:    With the aid of labeled diagram, describe how muscles act on bones to cause movement of the forelimbs.

PERIOD 3: List and describe the functions of supporting tissue in plants.

CLASS: SS 1

SUBJECT: BIOLOGY                          PERIODS: 3

DURATION:                                       45 MINUTES

TOPIC:              ADAPTATION   

SUBTOPIC 1:     STRUCTURAL ADAPTATION   

SUBTOPIC 2:     ADAPTIVE COLOURATION  

SUBTOPIC 3:     BEHAVIOURAL ADAPTATION

PREVIOUS KNOWLEDGE: STUDENTS AND FAMILIAR WITH THE

TOPIC

 

OBJECTIVES:    At The End Of The Period(s), students should be able to:

 

Period 1: Discuss the progressive change in anatomy of organisms from water to land

1. Explain the term adaptive colouration and their functions

Period 2:    Explain the adaptation in form and function of living organisms due to environmental conditions

Period 3:    Discuss and state examples of structural adaptations in organizations that and their survival.

 

References: Essential Biology for senior secondary schools by M.C. Micheal by 499 – 510. Modern Biology for senior secondary schools 1 -3 pg 518 – 526, 144 – 147

 

CONTENT

Adaptation is a process by which an organism becomes filled to its environment, enabling it to live successfully and reproduce. Organisms undergo adaptation by developing special features which helps them to survive in their environment when their environment changes or if they migrate to a new environment. Organisms have features structural (morphological) and behavioural features or physiological which enables them to live successfully in a given habitat. The features that become changed or modified in the process and enable organisms to live well in a habitat are called adaptive features or adaptations. Variation, competition and natural selection play key roles in the adaptation of organisms for survival.

 

Adaptations are modifications in the form, structure, function and behaviour of organisms and it may be divided into

1. Structural adaptations
2. Adaptive colouration
3. Behavioural adaptations

 

STRUCTURAL ADAPTATIONS

Almost every part of the body of a living organisms structurally adapted to its mode of life. Examples of these include

1. Structural adaptation for obtaining food
2. Toad – it has a long sticky tongue attached to the front end of the buccal cavity. It flicks out its tongue swiftly to catch fly. It possesses special olfactory organ in the head for perceiving of its food. Toad also possesses the ability to drag eyes in so that they make bulges in the roof of the mouth which prevents the prey from escaping or helping in swallowing.

 

1. Spiny anteaters: has a long sticky tongue which is inserted into and ant termite nests and as well as spade their draws for digging into the ground.

Insects – they have mouth parts modified for various ways of feeding and in some insects, the legs are modified for various ways of feeding and in some insects, the legs are modified for catching and grasping prey examples include the following:

1. Boring mouthparts: bore into plant parts and stored products destroying the tissue in the process e.g. weevil and their larvae
2. piercing and sucking mouthparts – insects with strong mouthparts (proboscis) to pierce and suck e.g. mosquitoes, aphids, cotton strainers, mealy bugs, capsids / mixids, butterfly, housefly etc.

iii.      biting and chewing mouthparts – insects which possess strong mandible and maxillae e.g. cockroaches, grasshopper, locusts, termites etc.

 

1. Birds:

Birds have special adaptive features for the habitat they live in to survive and obtain food e.g.

1. Nectar suckers: Possess long hollow beaks with tubular longules for sucking e.g. sunbirds, woodpecker, humming birds.
2. Filter feeders – possess beaks, adapted for gripping fishes and sieving out food e.g. ducks as well as webbed feet. Waders like ibis have long, narrow, curved beaks for probing for food.

iii.      carnivorous birds – possess strong and hooked beaks for killing and tearing flesh as well as sharp claws for catching and carrying prey e.g. hawks, eagles, owl etc.

1. seed eaters – possess short, thick beaks, for cracking the hard covering of seeds or nuts e.g sparrows, weavers birds, parrots and even domestic fowl. Fowls possess strong feet with blunt claws for scratching the earth for worms, grains and seeds.

 

1. Insectivorous plants – examples include utriculata species (bladderwort) and Drosera  species (sundew)
2. Structural adaptation for protection: (escape and defense)

These features help the animals to escape, protect and defend themselves against the enemies. Examples are

1. Scally anteater – it possess a horny armour and it rolls into a ball when attacked.
2. Scorpions – use stings to attack prey and defend

iii.      Birds – possess wings with strong muscles to fly away.

1. Snakes – use venom
2. Bees and wasps – sting their enemies
3. praying mantis; use its first pairs of legs which have sharp spines to defend itself and also to attack and kill insects for food.
4. Toad – has shiny skin which possess mucous gland that prevents the load from being caught, keep the skin moist and from dying. Toads possess foul smelling chemicals, poisonous glands on the skin and a brownish colour which enable it to blend with its surroundings.

 

Toad has long hindlimbs with powerful muscles and no tail to help it move faster. Webbed hindlimbs (paddle) and a stream lined body for easy movement and swimming. The short forelimbs absorb shock on landing and for propping up the food end of the body.

 

iii.      Structural adaptation to attract mates: These special features enable them to attract males for the purpose of reproduction.

 

1. Birds – Male birds e.g. domestic fowl, peacock etc possess striking features which they display with appropriate behavioural adaptations to attract females.
2. Toad – possess nuptial ponds on their thumbs which help them hold the female firmly during mating
3. Flowering plants – possess brightly coloured flowers to attract insects
4. Agama Lizard: The male has bright colours which it displays by strutting to attract females for making.

 

1. Structural adaptation to regulate body temperature

 

The ability of animals to regulate their body temperature can be divided into two namely hoiothermic which have constant body temperature (mammals and birds) and poikilothermic which doesn’t have constant body temperature but the temperature changes with the temperature of the environment (fishes, reptiles, amphibians). In homoithermic animals, structural features that are involved in regulating heat  loss include fat layer under the skin, body size and shape, skin covering hair (fur) and feathers, bare extremists of the body such as the inner surface of the pinna (external air) and the soles of feet.

 

The features in the table below are modified to reduce heat loss in cold regions and increase heat loss in hot regions.

 

 

	Features	Hot regions	Cold regions
1	Fur	Sparse traps less air, not effective insulator	Thick; traps more air, very effective insulator
2	Fat layer under skin	Thin: not effective insulator	Thick; very effective insulator
3.	Body size and shape	Small and less bulky: greater surface area in relation to body volume, thus enhancing heat loss from the body	Large and bulky: smaller surface area in relation to body volume, thus reducing heat loss from the body
4	Ears and feet	Large greater surface area which enhances heat loss from the body	Small: smaller surface area which reduces heat loss from the body.

 

1. Structural adaptation for water conservation

Based on water availability, plants can be divided into

1. Hydrophytes – Plants that live in water e.g. water hyacinth and water lily. All or part of ther body is in water. The roots and xylem are poorly developed while the exposed parts are covered with thick cuticle or prevent water loss. Large well developed air spaces provide a supply of oxygen to the underwater parts and helps the plant to be buoyant.

         

2. Mesophytes – are land plants found in places where adequate water supply is present. They have well developed root and shoot systems. A waxy cuticle covers the body surface to minimize water loss e.g. Hibiscus and cassava

 

3. Xerophytes – are plants that can survive where water supply is scarce e.g. deserts. The roots are well developed (grow down to great depths and branch extensively) some have swollen stems or leaves containing water storage cells (called succulents e.g. cacti, aloe, euphorbia) some have spiny leaves, the protoplasm in the cells can tolerate a high degree of water loss without being damaged etc.

In animals, possession of scales (snakes, lizards) possession of shell (snail), exoskeleton (cockroach and grasshopper) feathers (birds) and hairs to reduce water loss and evaporation.

 

ADAPTIVE COLOURATION

This is the process of a colour by an organisms which enable it to catch its prey, avoids its predators or enemies and ensures its survival. Adaptive colouration is due to the presence of pigments in cells.

 

	Pigments	Colour	Distribution
1	Chlorophyll	Green	Mainly in chloroplasts of plant cells
2	Melanin	Yellow to black	Mainly in animal cells (melanophores) beneath the epidermis, gives colour to the skin, hair and the ink in cuttlefish.
3	Carotene and xantophyll	Yellow to orange	Found in chromoplasts in plants cells and chromatophores (pigment cells) in animals
4.	Anthocyanins	Red, blue and violet	Mainly in cell sap of flowers, fruits, leaves and stem.

                               

Adaptive colouration may be divided into:

1. warning coloration: This announces the presence and scares any enemies or predators, indicating the animal is unpalatable or possess unpleasant features e.g. yellow and black stripes of yellow jackets and other wasps (sting) colorful spotted makings of lady bird beetles (foul tasting), vivid orange and green pattern of south American forest frogs (whose skin has newomuscular poison) striking white stripes on the bodies of stripped polecasts and skinless (which spray foul smelling liquids)

 

2. Concealing / cryptic colouration or camouflage – The colour matches the colour of the background. It helps the prey protective colouration and the predator remain unnoticed e.g. green snake, green cuticle of the grasshopper and the white coat of the Arctic fox, geck.

 

3. Disruptive colouration: These are patterns on the body which break up the familiar body shapes against the light and dark shades of their background enabling them tog o undetected e.g. spots and stripes of the leopard, giraffe, zebra, tiger, etc.

 

4. Counter shading: This is the possession of dark coloured dorsal surface and light coloured ventral surface which makes a prey (fish) go unnoticed by a predatory bird from the top because it blends with its shadow and the dark waters underneath it and below by a predatory fish because it merges with the light falling from above.

 

5. Mimicry: This is a condition in which a harmless organisms resembles a harmful or distasteful one so that its enemies would avoid it (Batresian mimics) Colour and colour patterns are used extensively by mimics. Mullerian mimics resemble each other closely by similarly colouring and patterns on their bodies e.g. the foul tasting Acraea butterfly and the poisonous African monarch. Swallow tail butterfly has red colouration on the wing like a distasteful one, wasp with its paint sting and the harmless flower fly (Batesian), stick insect which resembles dead twigs, the katedkd a grasshopper which mimics a living leaf.

 

6. Mating colouration: Conspicuous skin colouration in adult males help the adult females to select males of their own species for mating.

 

7. Colour change: Certain animals change the colour of their body  surfaces to match their environment and escape detection. These animals contain special pigment cells (chromatophores) on their body surfaces which are involved in colouration and colour changes. The colour changes are brought about by the nervous system or the hormonal system or both and its is initiated (stimulus) by the light entering the eyes e.g. chameleon and some grasshoppers.

 

BEHAVIOURAL ADAPTATION

Plants and animals exhibit a variety of behaviour patterns with respect to obtaining to obtaining food, escape and defense, surviving unfavourable conditions, communication, finding mates and caring for the young.

 

Adaptive colouration in plants

1. Pollination: insect pollinated flowers are brightly coloured to attract insects.
2. Feeding: Some insectivorous plants e.g. nepenthes and sarania have brightly coloured pitchers to attract insects that may fall into the pitches, drain in the liquid in them and get digested.

 

1. BEHAVIOURAL ADAPTATION TO OBTAIN FOOD

These type of behaviours are called foraging behaviours and it is exhibited in different ways such as setting a trap e.g. ant lion which digs a funnel shaped hope and lies partly hidden at the bottom to catch its prey (ants) and spider which spins a web, overtaking its prey by speed e.g. cheetaband lion, lying in search e.g. oyster catche, lure e.g. angler fish

 

1. Behavioural adaptation for escape and defense
2. Scaring, startle, confuse or distract predators
3. Hiding
4. Remaining motionless e.g. opossum millipede
5. Swaying in the air e.g. bat
6. Secretion of irritating liquid e.g. toad, skunk
7. overrun/fly away e.g. gazelles, antelope, impale
8. secretion of offensive odour e.g. beetles, birds
9. Puffing up e.g. toad, porcupine fish
10. Erratic movement e.g. butterfly
11. Rolling into a ball e.g. hedgehog
12. Shedding body parts e.g wall gecko / house lizard which sheds its tail when gripped by a predator.
13. Fighting off enemies e.g. hawk (which falls on its back and lash out with its tailous and beaks) and buffalo.
14. Sham aggressive behaviour e.g. frilled lizard by expanding a frill around its neck, open its mouth wide and hissing to look fierce.
15. Secretion of ink or coloured substances to impair vision e.g. squid, octopus
16. Secretion of stings / injections / painful chemicals e.g. bees, wasps, scorpions, electric fish.

iii.      Behavioural adaptation for surviving unfavourable conditions.

 

 Animals exhibit definite behavioural patterns to tide our unfavourable environmental conditions such as high or low temperatures, food and water shortage. These behaviours include the following;

1. Hibernation: This is a condition in which an animal intemperate zones pass through water or when food is scarce in a sleep like inactive, torpid condition in which their metabolism and body temperature are very low. Such animals store large amounts of fat in their body before winter and retreat to safe places where they burn off the fat slowly. Examples including woodchucks, ground squirrels, polar bears. Insects eating bats wake and feed on warm days.
2. Aestivation: This is similar in a way to hibernation but takes place in the hot dry season. It is a period of inactivity (sleep like torpid state) observed in certain animals during long periods of heat and drought. E.g. African lung fish, crocodile, some insects, snakes, toads and rodents.
3. Migration: These are long journeys that animals make from one place to another, it may be seasonal or in pursuit of more favourable environmental conditions, avoid overcrowding, in search of mates and to establish new habitats e.g. cattle egrets migration from the North to South during the dry and rainy seasons.

 

Other examples includes agama lizards basking in the early morning sun to absorb eat  and move into the shade, desert animals are active atnight and sleep during the day, penguins huddle together in large numbers to keep warm.

 

1. Behavioural adaptation for communication.

 

Animals exhibit various behaviours that enable them to communicate with other members of their species or communities.

1. Communication by sound and contact
2. In times of hunger – to get attention e.g. goat bleating, mother hen calling the chicks.
3. Danger: a member of the group alerts others to danger e.g. mother hen, birds at the sight of a hawk, a guard dog bases its teeth, snarls and bristles, slapping sound of a beaver tail on water at the sight of danger.
4. Parental care e.g. Mother hen, female scorpion carries her young on her back until their first moulting, male sea horse, carries the eggs in his pouch until they hatch.
5. Reproduction: to attract the opposite sex e.g. croacking of a male toad.
6. Communication: by touch e.g. worker bee (waggling dance) to show direction and distance of food source.
7. Communication by touch e.g ants in a colony touch to recognize members of the same colony, male spider strumming female spider’s silk thread (web) to alert her of its presence.
8. Communication by sense of smell e.g. antelope ribs a gland on its forehead on a twig of plants to mark its territory, dogs, hyenas etc .

 

Some animals exhibit gregarious behaviour, that is, the animals of the same species move together in a group which give them survival advantage. Examples of such animals include gazelles, zebra, impalas, elephants, some flocks of birds, some shoals of fish, some social animals like termites, bees, wolves, foxes and baboons.

 

1. Behavioural adaptation in plants
2. Phototropic movements of plants shoots
3. Coiling response of leaf tendrils of the Gloriosa plant when they touch a support
4. Carnivorous plants (venus flytrap)
5. shedding of leaves which enable them survive harsh weather conditions especially during dry season to reduce water loss e.g. silk cotton, book.

5       Vegetative part death – some plants die and survive the dry season as underground stem e.g. yam, potatoes, stubborn grass.

 

INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS: Pictures and videos showing organisms in their natural habitats.

TEACHING METHODS PROCEDURES

Step I: Teacher revises the previous topics and introduce the new topic

Step II: Teacher introduces by defining adaptation and explains the types of adaptation

Step III: Teacher explains behavioural adaptations in both plants and animals.

Step IV: Teacher allows students to ask questions and write notes under content on the board.

 

Classwork(activities)

Period 1: Students discuss adaption with examples

Period 2: Students discuss adaptive colouration in living organisms

Period 3: Students discuss  behavioural adaptation in living organisms.

 

EVALUATION

Period 1:

1. Define adaptation
2. What do you understand by competition

Period 2:

1. What is adaptive colouration
2. Mention the types of adaptive coloruation

 

Period 3:

What is gregarious behaviour

 

SUMMARY/CONCLUSION:

Teacher summarises the topic, marks the students notes and makes corrections where necessary

 

ASSIGNMENT(S)

Period 1: state the adaptation of tapeworm (Taenia   solium  to its habitat in the human gut.

Period 2: Describe six protective adaptations used by animals against predations and give one example in each case

Period 3: Discuss the structural adaptation to regulate body temperature in

1. Mammals
2. Birds.

CLASS: SS 2

SUBJECT: BIOLOGY                          PERIOD(S) 3:

DURATION:               45 MINUTES

TOPIC:              COMPONENTS OF THE MAMMALIAN SKELETON

SUBTOPIC 1:     AXIAL SKELETON  

SUBTOPIC 2:     APPENDICULAR SKELETON  

 

PREVIOUS KNOWLEDGE: STUDENTS AND FAMILIAR WITH THE

TOPIC

 

OBJECTIVES:    At The End Of The Period(s), students should be able to:

 

Period 1:    Describe the components of the axial skeleton. Describe the                          composition  of a typical vertebrate.

Period 2:    Name and explain the structures and functions of both the pelvic and pectoral girdle

Period 3:    Explain the function of the pentadactyl limbs  in man and draw the structures of the forelimbs and  hindlimbs.

 

REFERENCES:

Essential Biology for Senior Secondary schools by M.S Michaels pg 81-91,

Modern Biology for senior secondary school pg 266-269

 

CONTENT

The skeleton of vertebrates are built on the same basic plan namely.

1. The axial skeleton: the skull, vertebral column (backbone) sternum (breast bone) and the ribs makes up the axial skeleton.

SKULL: The mammalian skull consist consists of several flat bones joined together by sutures (joints) to form the cranium (brain box)  which consists of the upper jay (maxilla) and cavities for the main sense organ(eyes, ears and nose) and the lower jaw (mandible) which contains the teeth (alongside the maxilla) and hinges with the rest of the skull in such away that it can move up and down. The functions of the skull include

1. it protects the vital sense organs and the brain
2. it gives shape to the head

iii.      it bears the teeth used for chewing and grinding food

 

The base of the skull pivots on the top vertebra of the vertebral column which enables the nodding and rotation of our heads.

 

2. Vertebral column: serves as the central supporting structure of the skeleton. it forms the backbone and protects the spinal cord. The human vertebral column consists of 33 vertbera (46vertebra in rabbits) which form a flexible column with a central canal for the spinal cord. Discs of fibocartilage separates the vertebrate which are held together by strong ligaments called intervertebral discs which allow the vertebrae to more slightly, either forwards a backbone or sideways. Openings between adjacent vertebra allows the entry and exit of spinal nerves. A typical vertebra consists of the following.
3. A neutral spine which projects upwards dorsally for muscle attachment.
4. A neural canal for the passage of the spinal cord.
5. the transverse processes which project from the sides of each vertebra for muscles and ligaments attachment
6. The centrum which is a solid piece of bone below the neural canal
7. Facets (smooth surfaces) at the front and back which fit into the adjacent vertebrate

 

	Types of vertebrate	Body of region	Man	Rabbit	Rat	Characteristic features of each type of vertebrate
1	Cervical vertebra	Neck	7	7	7	The first cervical vertebra (atlas) allows the head to nod and the second cervical vertebra (axis) allows turning of the head. The cervical vertebrate contain a pair of openings (vertebratenial canals) for the neck blood vessels. The transverse processes are flattened out and are called cervical ribs.
2.	Thoracic vertebrae	Chest	12	12	13	It aids ribs attachment and assists in breathing. Muscle of the shoulder end back and attached to the neural spines. It has a large central, large neural canal, big neural
3.	Lumbar vertebra	Lion	5	7	6	It provides (has processes) attachment for abdominal muscles and bear considerable weight of the body lumbar vertebrate has a large centrum and a neural spinethat projects upwards and forwards.
4	Sacral vertebra	Hip	5	3-4	4	Sacral vertebrae are joined to the pelvic girdles toprovide support, rigidity and strength. Sacral vertebrae fuse to form a rigid structure, the sacrum. The sacral canalis narrow and the neural spine is reduced.
5	Caudal vertebra	Tail	4	16	27-30	The caudal vertebrae are found to form a solid mass of bone. It support the tail and provides attachment for the tail muscle.
	Total		33	45-46	57-60

 

RIBS AND STERNUM – The sternum and 12 pairs of ribs form the rib cage. The sternum is a single bone in man but in rabbits, it consists of 7 small bones. The ribs articulate with the thoracic vertebrae at the back of curve to the front to attach by means of cartilage to the sternum. In man, just 10 out of the 12 rib. (First 7 are true ribs because they are attached directly, 8,9, 10 ribs are false ribs because they have a common connection toteh  sternum. Pairs are attached to the sternum. The remaining 2 paris remains free and are referred to as floating ribs. Rabbits have 3  floating ribs.

Human skull

Lumbar vertebra (posterior view)

2       The appendicular skeleton is made up of the limb girdles (pectoral and pelvic girdles) and the limbs (forelimbs and hindlimbs)

 

Pectoral girdle: it holds the upper limbs (arms) to the axial skeleton. It consists mainly of 4 separate bones namely two large flat triangular sholder blades  or scapulae (sing scapular) at the back and two small slender collar bones  or clavicles  in front. The scapulare are attached to the spinal columb by muscles. A hollow or depression, glenoid cavity,  is found at the apex of the scapula into which the ehad of the humerus (upper arm bone) fits to and from the shoulder joint. Above the glanoid cavity is a small hook shaped bone called the coravcoid bone. The clavicles are attached to a scapula at one end and to the sternum at the other end. The pectoral girdle is not rigid, enabling the arms and shoulders to move fairly freely thereby providing firm support for the forelimbs

 

Pelvic Girdle: It is found around the waist in man. The pelvic girdle(hips) consists of two bones, the right and left pelvis joined to the sacrum (dorsally) at the back and held together by fibro-cartilage at the facets in front to form a complete rigid girdle. The  kind of fusion of the two bones is called pubis symphysis.  Each bone is made up of three bones (ilium, ischium and pubis) which are fused together.

The ilium which is the longest and largest of the three bones are at the top. Ischium and pubis (the fused bones) enclosed an opening called obturator foramen through which nerves blood vessels and muscles pass. A deep cavity or hollow at the outer edge of each pelvis (where the 3 bones meet) the acetabulum, into which the head of the thigh bone (femur) fits to form the hip joint (a ball and socket joint) The pelvic girdle receive the weight of the upper body and pass it on to the legs (if standing) or to the surface on which you are sitting. The movements of the  hips and legs are restricted by the rigid structure of the girdle.

         

THE LIMBS: the limbs of most mammals are built on the same basic pentadactyl limb plan (5-digit plan) it consists of a long bone, followed by a pair of long bones placed side by side , a set of nine small bones in three rows, five thin long bones and finally five digits. Each digit is madeup of a few small bones.

 

The forelimbs (arm) consists of the upper arm, lower arm, wrist and hand. The upper arm bone (humerus) which is a long bone has a rounded head fits and articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapular in the shoulder joint. The humerus articulates with the radius and ulna (the two bones of the fore/lower arm) to form the elbow joint. The radius is a long, slightly curved bone which lies in front of the ulna. The ulna is longer than the radius and has a cavity (sigmoid cavity) into which the trochlea of the humerus fits. The ulna also project backwards to form a projection called olecranon process.  The bones of the wrist (9small bones arranged in 3 rows)/carpals followed by the five digit bones (metacarpals) called fingers/phalanges in man. Each digit has three phalanges except thumb which has 2. The ulna and radius can partly rotate around each other so that the hand can be held pal upwards or downwards.

Diagram of the pentadactyl limb (Right) the left front limb of rabbit.

 

The hindlimb (leg) consists of the thigh, shank, ankle and foot. The thigh bone (femur) is the largest and strongest bone in the body. The femur head at the proximal end fits into the acetabulum of the pelvic girdle to form a hip joint. Three projections (trochanter) very close to the femur head are used for muscle attachment. At the distal end of the femur, the condyles (rounded nobs) articulate with the tibia bone and fit into two grooves in the tibia. The shank has 2 bones, tibia and fibula (fused in rabbit tibio-fabula). The tibia is longer and larger than the fibula (the fibula lies outside the tibia). The knee joint is found at the junction of the femur and the tibia. The knee cap (patella) is present at the front of the knee joint. The ankle is made up of six bones called tarsals. The inner tarsals project backward to form the heel bone. Most mammals including man have five metatarasals (digits). The bones of the foot are not as flexible (dexterous) as those of the hand but form an arch which enables the foot to withstand tremendous forces.

 

INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS: A replica of the mammalian skeleton. Pictures and videos showing the skeleton

 

TEACHING METHODS PROCEDURES

Step I: Teacher revises the previous topic and introduce the new topic

Step II: Teacher explains the components of the mammalian skeleton – the axial and appendicular skeleton

Step III: Teacher explains using the replica of the mammalian skeleton

Step IV: Teacher allows students to ask questions and write notes under content on the board.

 

ACTIVITIES

Period 1: Students discuss the components of the mammalian skeleton.

Period 2: Students with the help of the teacher discuss the axial skeleton

Period 3: Students discuss the appendicular skeleton

 

EVALUATION

Period 1: What is a skeleton?

Period 2: What are the components of the mammalian skeleton?

Period 3: The forelimb consists of how many parts?

SUMMARY: Teacher summarizes the topic, marks the students notes and make corrections where necessary

 

ASSIGNMENT:

Period 1: State five differences  between bone and cartilage

Period 2: Briefly discuss the skeletal system of mammals and give examples

Period 3: Name the major bones of the appendicular skeleton and describe one of them in details.